The Rise of Euroscepticism: Why More EU Citizens Are Questioning the Union

We want cooperation, not control.

Introduction

While the European Union has brought decades of peace and prosperity to much of the continent, it has also sparked increasing discontent in recent years. Across multiple member states, a growing number of citizens and political parties are voicing frustration with Brussels — a sentiment broadly referred to as Euroscepticism.

This article explores what Euroscepticism is, how it has evolved, where it’s gaining traction, and why more people across the EU are questioning whether deeper integration is in their best interest.

What Is Euroscepticism?

Euroscepticism refers to criticism of the EU and opposition to some or all aspects of European integration. It ranges from moderate concerns about democratic accountability to outright calls for leaving the Union.

There are two main types:

• Soft Euroscepticism: Supporting EU membership but opposing certain policies (e.g., immigration quotas, economic integration)
• Hard Euroscepticism: Rejecting the EU entirely and advocating withdrawal

Where Is It Rising — and Why?

France

The National Rally (formerly National Front), led by Marine Le Pen, has tapped into anti-EU sentiment for over a decade. Although it no longer calls for outright “Frexit,” it demands stricter border controls, less EU regulation, and more national sovereignty.

Italy

Parties like Lega and Brothers of Italy have voiced strong criticisms of Brussels — especially during the eurozone crisis, where Italy felt punished by fiscal constraints and austerity measures.

Poland and Hungary

These governments have clashed with the EU over issues like judicial reforms, media regulation, and LGBTQ+ rights. Accused by Brussels of democratic backsliding, they accuse the EU of overreach and cultural imperialism.

Germany

The Alternative for Germany (AfD) started as a party opposed to eurozone bailouts and now supports an EU exit. Although still a minority party, it reflects a growing frustration with EU fiscal transfers and immigration policies.

Netherlands

Far-right and populist parties regularly campaign on EU reform or withdrawal, arguing that Dutch laws should not be overruled by Brussels. The 2005 Dutch rejection of the EU Constitution still resonates today.

Key Drivers of Euroscepticism

• Democratic deficit: Many feel EU decisions are made by unelected officials, far removed from local voters.
• Loss of sovereignty: National governments must comply with EU rules even when public opinion disagrees.
• Immigration and border control: Free movement policies have sparked concerns about integration and social cohesion.
• Economic disparity: Wealthier countries resent paying into the EU budget, while poorer ones feel underserved or constrained by eurozone rules.
• Cultural identity: Some citizens feel that national traditions and values are being diluted by EU-wide norms and regulations.

The Impact of Crises

Eurozone Crisis (2009–2013)

Austerity measures imposed on countries like Greece, Portugal, and Spain led to mass protests and disillusionment with EU economic governance. Critics argued that the euro created a one-size-fits-all model that harmed weaker economies.

Migrant Crisis (2015–2016)

The EU’s handling of mass migration from Syria and Africa created deep divisions. Eastern European countries resisted migrant quotas, while others criticized the lack of a cohesive strategy. Trust in Brussels eroded further.

COVID-19 Pandemic

Initial failures in vaccine distribution and border coordination fueled anger. While the EU later implemented a large-scale recovery fund, questions remain about its efficiency and long-term fiscal implications.

Russia-Ukraine War

Support for Ukraine is widely shared across the EU, but energy prices, inflation, and military spending have revived debates over whether Brussels is prioritizing foreign policy over internal stability.

Is the EU Listening?

In response to growing criticism, the EU has taken steps to improve transparency and communication:

• More power to the European Parliament (the only directly elected body)
• Creation of mechanisms to address citizen petitions and consultations
• Increased visibility of MEPs and national contributions to EU decisions

Still, many believe the fundamental structure of the EU — especially the unelected European Commission and its legislative role — prevents genuine accountability.

Euroscepticism: A Threat or a Pressure Valve?

While some fear that rising Euroscepticism could tear the Union apart, others argue it’s a necessary corrective. The EU, they say, should be challenged — just like any powerful institution — to ensure it remains representative and adaptable.

In many ways, Eurosceptic movements are less about destroying the EU and more about reforming it to better reflect national interests and democratic norms.

Conclusion

Euroscepticism is not a fringe phenomenon. It’s a legitimate response to the rapid centralization of power, perceived overreach, and cultural shifts occurring across the continent. Whether the EU addresses these concerns or doubles down on its current trajectory will determine its long-term survival.

What’s clear is this: the conversation about Europe’s future must include all voices — not just those in Brussels, but also those in rural France, industrial Poland, skeptical Scandinavia, and beyond.